{"id":2814,"date":"2026-07-01T12:23:25","date_gmt":"2026-07-01T12:23:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/uncategorized-hr\/mendelova-randomizacija-koristenje-genetike-za-otkrivanje-uzroka-bolesti\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T10:14:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T10:14:45","slug":"mendelova-randomizacija-koristenje-genetike-za-otkrivanje-uzroka-bolesti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/hr\/blog\/mendelova-randomizacija-koristenje-genetike-za-otkrivanje-uzroka-bolesti\/","title":{"rendered":"Mendelova randomizacija: Kori\u0161tenje genetike za otkrivanje uzroka bolesti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Razumijevanje kako genetika poma\u017ee razlikovati korelaciju od uzro\u010dnosti<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kada istra\u017eiva\u010di otkriju da su dvije stvari povezane, uvijek slijedi va\u017eno pitanje: uzrokuje li jedna doista drugu?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na primjer, osobe s niskom razinom vitamina D mogu imati ve\u0107i rizik od razvoja odre\u0111enih bolesti. Pojedinci s pretilo\u0161\u0107u \u010desto imaju promijenjene razine hormona \u0161titnja\u010de. Pacijenti s autoimunim bolestima \u0161titnja\u010de \u010desto imaju i druga stanja povezana s imunitetom.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No jesu li ti odnosi doista uzro\u010dni ili su to samo korelacije pod utjecajem drugih \u010dimbenika kao \u0161to su na\u010din \u017eivota, dob, prehrana ili temeljna zdravstvena stanja?<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Razlikovanje korelacije od uzro\u010dnosti jedan je od najve\u0107ih izazova u medicinskim istra\u017eivanjima. Tu se Mendelova randomizacija (MR) pojavila kao mo\u0107an alat u modernoj genetskoj epidemiologiji. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2885\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/close-up-hands-with-financial-charts-business-meeting-2048x1367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Za\u0161to opservacijske studije nisu dovoljne<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tradicionalne opservacijske studije mogu identificirati povezanost izme\u0111u potencijalnog \u010dimbenika rizika (nazvanog izlo\u017eenost) i bolesti (ishoda). Me\u0111utim, na te povezanosti mogu utjecati zbunjuju\u0107i \u010dimbenici ili obrnuta uzro\u010dnost. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zamislite da istra\u017eiva\u010di primijete da ljudi s ni\u017eim razinama hormona \u0161titnja\u010de tako\u0111er imaju ve\u0107i rizik od kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Pove\u0107ava li smanjena funkcija \u0161titnja\u010de kardiovaskularni rizik? Ili drugi \u010dimbenici, poput pretilosti, fizi\u010dke neaktivnosti, upotrebe lijekova ili kroni\u010dne bolesti, utje\u010du i na funkciju \u0161titnja\u010de i na bolesti srca?  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sli\u010dno tome, ako pacijenti s odre\u0111enom bole\u0161\u0107u imaju ni\u017ee koncentracije vitamina D, ne mo\u017eemo odmah zaklju\u010diti da je nedostatak vitamina D uzrokovao bolest. Sama bolest mo\u017ee smanjiti razinu vitamina D, ili na oboje mogu utjecati potpuno razli\u010diti \u010dimbenici. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Randomizirana kontrolirana ispitivanja (RKI) smatraju se zlatnim standardom za utvr\u0111ivanje uzro\u010dnosti jer se sudionici nasumi\u010dno raspore\u0111uju u razli\u010dite intervencije. Na\u017ealost, RKI su \u010desto skupa, dugotrajna, a ponekad ih je nemogu\u0107e ili neeti\u010dno provesti. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mendelova randomizacija nudi elegantnu alternativu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160to je Mendelova randomizacija?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mendelova randomizacija je statisti\u010dka metoda koja koristi prirodno nastale genetske varijacije za istra\u017eivanje je li uo\u010dena povezanost izme\u0111u \u010dimbenika rizika i bolesti vjerojatno uzro\u010dna.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metoda se temelji na jednostavnom biolo\u0161kom principu koji je prvi opisao Gregor Mendel: genetske varijante nasumi\u010dno se naslje\u0111uju od roditelja pri za\u010de\u0107u. Ova prirodna nasumi\u010dna raspodjela nalikuje procesu randomizacije koji se koristi u klini\u010dkim ispitivanjima. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovaj koncept ilustriran je na Slici 1. Dok se sudionici u randomiziranim kontroliranim ispitivanjima nasumi\u010dno raspore\u0111uju u intervencijske ili kontrolne skupine od strane istra\u017eiva\u010da, pojedinci u studijama Mendelove randomizacije prirodno su \u201eraspore\u0111eni\u201c na razli\u010dite razine izlo\u017eenosti putem nasumi\u010dnog naslje\u0111ivanja genetskih varijanti pri za\u010de\u0107u. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ova prirodna randomizacija poma\u017ee minimizirati zbunjuju\u0107e \u010dimbenike i omogu\u0107uje istra\u017eiva\u010dima da istra\u017ee uzro\u010dne veze koriste\u0107i opservacijske podatke.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Budu\u0107i da se genetske varijante dodjeljuju prije ro\u0111enja, na njih op\u0107enito ne utje\u010du na\u010din \u017eivota, izlo\u017eenost okoli\u0161u, progresija bolesti ili ve\u0107ina zbunjuju\u0107ih \u010dimbenika koji se susre\u0107u u opservacijskim studijama.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U Mendelovoj randomizaciji, genetske varijante povezane s izlo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u slu\u017ee kao instrumentalne varijable (ili genetski instrumenti) koje istra\u017eiva\u010dima omogu\u0107uju procjenu uzro\u010dnog u\u010dinka te izlo\u017eenosti na ishod bolesti.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"908\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2805\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-1.png 908w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-1-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/image-1-768x491.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 908px) 100vw, 908px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Slika 1.<\/strong> <em>Mendelova randomizacija kao prirodni analog randomiziranog kontroliranog ispitivanja. U randomiziranim kontroliranim ispitivanjima, sudionici se nasumi\u010dno raspore\u0111uju u intervencijske ili kontrolne skupine od strane istra\u017eiva\u010da. U Mendelovoj randomizaciji, nasumi\u010dna raspodjela genetskih varijanti pri za\u010de\u0107u stvara skupine koje su op\u0107enito uravnote\u017eene s obzirom na zbunjuju\u0107e \u010dimbenike, omogu\u0107uju\u0107i istra\u017eivanje uzro\u010dnih veza pomo\u0107u opservacijskih podataka. Prilago\u0111eno iz Davey Smith &amp; Ebrahim (2005).<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kako funkcionira Mendelova randomizacija?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osnovni koncept je jednostavan.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prvo, istra\u017eiva\u010di identificiraju genetske varijante koje su sna\u017eno povezane s odre\u0111enom izlo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u, kao \u0161to su:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>tireostimuliraju\u0107i hormon (TSH)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slobodni tiroksin (fT4)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>razine vitamina D<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indeks tjelesne mase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>koncentracije kolesterola<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>upalni biomarkeri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ove varijante identificiraju se putem velikih studija asocijacije na razini cijelog genoma (GWAS), \u010desto uklju\u010duju\u0107i stotine tisu\u0107a sudionika.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zatim, istra\u017eiva\u010di ispituju jesu li iste genetske varijante tako\u0111er povezane s ishodom bolesti.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ako genetske varijante koje pove\u0107avaju (ili smanjuju) izlo\u017eenost dosljedno dovode do ve\u0107eg (ili manjeg) rizika od bolesti, to pru\u017ea dokaze koji podupiru uzro\u010dnu vezu.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drugim rije\u010dima, umjesto da se pita:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201eRazvijaju li ljudi s vi\u0161im TSH \u010de\u0161\u0107e bolest?\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MR pita:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201eImaju li ljudi koji su genetski predisponirani da imaju vi\u0161i TSH tijekom \u017eivota tako\u0111er druga\u010diji rizik od razvoja bolesti?\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"569\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-1024x569.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-1024x569.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-768x427.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-1536x853.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/test-tube-containing-dna-2048x1138.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Za\u0161to je Mendelova randomizacija tako mo\u0107na?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedna od glavnih prednosti MR-a je njegova sposobnost smanjenja pristranosti.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Budu\u0107i da se genetske varijante naslje\u0111uju prije ro\u0111enja:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>obi\u010dno se ne mogu promijeniti bole\u0161\u0107u,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>neovisne su o \u010dimbenicima na\u010dina \u017eivota,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manje su pod utjecajem zbunjuju\u0107ih \u010dimbenika nego konvencionalne opservacijske studije.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kao rezultat toga, MR \u010desto pru\u017ea sna\u017enije dokaze o uzro\u010dnosti nego samo opservacijsko istra\u017eivanje.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Va\u017eno je napomenuti da MR ne zamjenjuje u potpunosti randomizirana klini\u010dka ispitivanja. Umjesto toga, nadopunjuje ih poma\u017eu\u0107i istra\u017eiva\u010dima da odrede koji su biolo\u0161ki putovi najperspektivniji za daljnje istra\u017eivanje i potencijalnu terapijsku intervenciju. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tri temeljne pretpostavke<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Da bi Mendelova randomizacija pru\u017eila pouzdane uzro\u010dne procjene, moraju biti zadovoljene tri klju\u010dne pretpostavke.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Relevantnost<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genetske varijante moraju biti sna\u017eno povezane s izlo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u od interesa.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Neovisnost<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genetske varijante ne bi trebale biti povezane sa zbunjuju\u0107im \u010dimbenicima koji utje\u010du i na izlo\u017eenost i na bolest.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Ograni\u010denje isklju\u010denja<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genetske varijante trebale bi utjecati na bolest samo putem prou\u010davane izlo\u017eenosti, a ne putem alternativnih biolo\u0161kih putova.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Istra\u017eiva\u010di rutinski procjenjuju ove pretpostavke koriste\u0107i niz statisti\u010dkih analiza osjetljivosti, poma\u017eu\u0107i osigurati da su zaklju\u010dci \u0161to robusniji.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mendelova randomizacija u istra\u017eivanju \u0161titnja\u010de<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mendelova randomizacija postala je sve vrijedniji alat za razumijevanje biologije \u0161titnja\u010de.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Istra\u017eiva\u010di su primijenili MR za istra\u017eivanje pitanja kao \u0161to su:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utje\u010du li razine hormona \u0161titnja\u010de uzro\u010dno na kardiovaskularne bolesti?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utje\u010de li funkcija \u0161titnja\u010de na pretilost ili metaboli\u010dki sindrom?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Je li vitamin D uklju\u010den u autoimune bolesti \u0161titnja\u010de?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utje\u010de li funkcija \u0161titnja\u010de na zdravlje kostiju ili kognitivni pad?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jesu li cirkuliraju\u0107i biomarkeri uklju\u010deni u razvoj raka \u0161titnja\u010de?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Umjesto da se oslanjaju isklju\u010divo na opservacijske asocijacije, MR omogu\u0107uje istra\u017eiva\u010dima da utvrde odra\u017eavaju li ti odnosi vjerojatno stvarne biolo\u0161ke mehanizme.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Takvi dokazi posebno su vrijedni pri identificiranju potencijalnih terapijskih ciljeva ili odlu\u010divanju ho\u0107e li intervencija vjerojatno pobolj\u0161ati ishode pacijenata.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2888\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-1024x531.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-1536x797.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.innothyrogen.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/statistical-documents-with-test-tubes-1-edited-2048x1062.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mendelova randomizacija u projektu InnoThyroGen<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unutar projekta InnoThyroGen, Mendelova randomizacija koristi se za identifikaciju biomarkera i biolo\u0161kih \u010dimbenika koji vjerojatno igraju uzro\u010dnu ulogu u bolestima \u0161titnja\u010de.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Integriranjem podataka iz velikih studija asocijacije na razini cijelog genoma (GWAS) s naprednim statisti\u010dkim metodama, MR nam omogu\u0107uje razlikovanje varijabli koje su samo povezane s bole\u0161\u0107u \u0161titnja\u010de od onih koje vjerojatnije izravno doprinose razvoju bolesti.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ove su informacije posebno vrijedne za razvoj integriranog alata za predvi\u0111anje rizika od bolesti \u0161titnja\u010de koji se razvija unutar InnoThyroGena.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Umjesto odabira biomarkera isklju\u010divo na temelju opservacijskih asocijacija, MR poma\u017ee u odre\u0111ivanju prioriteta varijabli s dokazima uzro\u010dnosti za uklju\u010divanje uz poligenske rezultate rizika (PRS) i klini\u010dke karakteristike.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kombiniranje genetske predispozicije uhva\u0107ene PRS-om s uzro\u010dno relevantnim biomarkerima ima potencijal pobolj\u0161ati predvi\u0111anje rizika, podr\u017eati raniju identifikaciju pojedinaca s pove\u0107anim rizikom i doprinijeti personaliziranijim pristupima prevenciji i lije\u010denju bolesti \u0161titnja\u010de.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zajedno, Mendelova randomizacija i poligenski rezultati rizika \u010dine komplementarne komponente analiti\u010dkog cjevovoda InnoThyroGena, pru\u017eaju\u0107i dokaze potrebne za razvoj robusnog i klini\u010dki relevantnog integriranog alata za predvi\u0111anje rizika.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gledaju\u0107i unaprijed<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brzi rast javno dostupnih genetskih skupova podataka transformirao je Mendelovu randomizaciju u jedan od naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e kori\u0161tenih pristupa u genetskoj epidemiologiji.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Danas istra\u017eiva\u010di mogu istra\u017eiti tisu\u0107e potencijalnih uzro\u010dnih veza koriste\u0107i podatke iz me\u0111unarodnih biobanaka i kolaborativnih studija asocijacije na razini cijelog genoma koje uklju\u010duju stotine tisu\u0107a \u2013 ili \u010dak milijune \u2013 sudionika.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kako se ti resursi nastavljaju \u0161iriti, Mendelova randomizacija \u0107e igrati sve va\u017eniju ulogu u identificiranju mehanizama bolesti, vo\u0111enju razvoja lijekova i napredovanju precizne medicine.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za projekte kao \u0161to je InnoThyroGen, to zna\u010di pomicanje izvan identificiranja jednostavnih asocijacija prema razumijevanju za\u0161to se bolesti razvijaju i koji biolo\u0161ki putovi nude najve\u0107i potencijal za prevenciju, dijagnozu i lije\u010denje.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U kona\u010dnici, Mendelova randomizacija poma\u017ee istra\u017eiva\u010dima odgovoriti na jedno od najtemeljnijih pitanja u medicini: <strong>\u0161to doista uzrokuje bolest?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autor: <strong>Nikolina Plei\u0107 (Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Splitu, Medicinski fakultet)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klju\u010dne reference<\/h2>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. <em>&#8216;Mendelian randomization&#8217;: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?<\/em> International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;32(1):1\u201322.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg070\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg070<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Davey Smith G, Hemani G. <em>Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies.<\/em> Human Molecular Genetics. 2014;23(R1):R89\u2013R98.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. <em>Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians.<\/em> BMJ. 2018;362:k601.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k601\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k601<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC, Timpson N, Davey Smith G. <em>Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology.<\/em> Statistics in Medicine. 2008;27:1133\u20131163.   <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3034\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3034<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Razumijevanje kako genetika poma\u017ee razlikovati korelaciju od uzro\u010dnosti Kada istra\u017eiva\u010di otkriju da su dvije stvari povezane, uvijek slijedi va\u017eno pitanje: uzrokuje li jedna doista drugu? Na primjer, osobe s niskom razinom vitamina D mogu imati ve\u0107i rizik od razvoja odre\u0111enih bolesti. Pojedinci s pretilo\u0161\u0107u \u010desto imaju promijenjene razine hormona \u0161titnja\u010de. Pacijenti s autoimunim bolestima \u0161titnja\u010de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2891,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[43,41,42,45,44],"class_list":["post-2814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-eufunded","tag-horizoneurope","tag-innothyrogen","tag-personalisedmedicine","tag-thyroidhealth"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mendelova randomizacija: Kori\u0161tenje genetike za otkrivanje uzroka bolesti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Saznajte kako Mendelova randomizacija 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